These words all mean to have a bad effect on sb/sth. 以上各词均含伤害、损害之义。

• damage to cause physical harm to sth, making it less attractive, useful or valuable; to have a bad effect on sb/sth's life, health, happiness or chances of success 指毁坏、破坏、伤害、损害：◆The fire badly damaged the town hall. 火灾使市政厅遭到严重破坏。◆emotionally damaged children 感情上受伤害的孩子
• hurt (rather informal) to have a bad effect on sb/sth's life, health, happiness or chances of success 指伤害、损害：◆Hard work never hurt anyone. 努力工作绝无害处。
• harm to have a bad effect on sb/sth's life, health, happiness or chances of success 指伤害、损害：◆Pollution can harm marine life. 污染会危及海洋生物。

damage, hurt or harm? 用 damage、hurt 还是 harm？

Hurt is slightly less formal than damage or harm, especially when it is used in negative statements. 与 damage 或 harm 相比，hurt 稍非正式，用于否定句时尤其如此：◆It won't hurt him to have to wait a bit. 等上一会儿对他无妨。◆It won't damage/harm him to have to wait a bit. Harm is also often used to talk about ways in which things in the natural world such as wildlife and the environment are affected by human activity. * harm 亦常用来表示自然界中的事物（如野生生物和环境）受到人类活动的影响。

• impair (rather formal) to damage sb's health, abilities or chances 指损害、削弱（健康、能力或机会）：◆Even one drink can impair driving performance. 即使一杯酒也可能影响驾驶操作。

Patterns

• to damage/hurt/harm/impair sb's chances
• to damage/hurt/harm sb's interests/reputation
• to damage/harm/impair sb's health
• to seriously/greatly damage/hurt/harm/impair sb/sth
• to badly/severely damage/hurt/impair sb/sth

Being injured 受伤

• have a fall/an injury 跌了一跤；受伤
• receive/suffer/sustain a serious injury/a hairline fracture/ (especially BrE) whiplash/a gunshot wound 受重伤/轻微骨裂/鞭伤/枪伤
• hurt/injure your ankle/back/leg 伤到脚踝/背/大腿
• damage the brain/an ankle ligament/your liver/the optic nerve/the skin 损伤大脑/脚踝韧带/肝脏/视神经/皮肤
• pull/strain/tear a hamstring/ligament/muscle/tendon 拉伤腘绳肌腱/韧带/肌肉/肌腱
• sprain/twist your ankle/wrist 扭伤脚踝/手腕
• break a bone/your collarbone/your leg/three ribs 骨折；锁骨/大腿/三根肋骨骨折
• fracture/crack your skull 头盖骨破裂
• break/chip/knock out/lose a tooth 碰断了一颗牙；使牙齿崩缺了一块；磕掉/掉了一颗牙
• burst/perforate your eardrum 使耳膜破裂；鼓膜穿孔
• dislocate your finger/hip/jaw/shoulder 使手指/臀部/下巴/肩膀脱臼
• bruise/cut/graze your arm/knee/shoulder 擦伤/割破/擦破手臂/膝盖/肩膀
• burn/scald yourself/your tongue 烧伤/烫伤自己/舌头
• bang/bump/hit/ (informal) bash your elbow/head/knee (on/against sth) （在某物上）撞到肘部/头/膝盖

Treating injuries 治疗伤病

• treat sb for burns/a head injury/a stab wound 给某人治疗烧伤/头部伤/刺伤
• examine/clean/dress/bandage/treat a bullet wound 检查/清洗/包扎/用绷带包扎/治疗枪伤
• repair a damaged/torn ligament/tendon/cartilage 修复损伤的/拉伤的韧带/肌腱/软骨
• amputate/cut off an arm/a finger/a foot/a leg/a limb 截去一只胳膊/一根手指/一只脚/一条腿；截肢
• put on/ (formal) apply/take off (especially NAmE) a Band-Aid™/ (BrE) a plaster/a bandage 贴上/使用/撕掉创可贴；缠上/使用/解掉绷带
• need/require/put in/ (especially BrE) have (out)/ (NAmE) get (out) stitches 需要缝针；缝针；拆线
• put on/rub on/ (formal) apply cream/ointment/lotion 涂抹护肤霜/药膏/护肤液
• have/receive/undergo (BrE) physiotherapy/ (NAmE) physical therapy 接受物理疗法