These are all words for money that you have to pay to the government. 以上各词均指税款。

• tax money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services 指税、税款：◆income tax 所得税◆tax cuts 减税
• duty a tax that you pay on things that you buy, especially those that you bring into a country 指购物税项，尤指进口货物缴纳的关税：◆The company has to pay customs duties on all imports. 该公司须为所有进口货物缴纳关税。
• customs tax that is paid when goods are brought in from other countries 指关税、进口税
• tariff a tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out of a country, often in order to protect industry from cheap imports 指（为使国内工业免遭廉价进口商品冲击而征收的）关税：◆A general tariff was imposed on foreign imports. 国外进口货物当时按普通税率征税。
• rates (in Britain) a tax paid by businesses to a local authority for land and buildings that they use, and in the past also paid by anyone who owned a house 指（英国地方政府征收的）房地产税、房产税：◆Business rates are very high in the city centre. 市中心的商业房产税非常高。

Patterns

• (a) tax/duty/tariff/rates on sth
• to pay an amount of money in tax/duty/customs/rates
• to pay (a) tax/duty/customs/tariff/rates
• to collect taxes/duties/rates
• to increase/raise/reduce taxes/duty/tariffs/rates
• to cut taxes/duties/rates
• to impose a tax/duty/tariff
• to put a tax/duty on sth

Managing the economy 管理经济

• handle/run/manage the economy 管理经济
• boost investment/spending/employment/growth 促进投资/支出/就业/增长速度
• stimulate demand/the economy/industry 刺激需求/经济/工业
• cut/reduce investment/spending/borrowing 削减投资/支出/借贷
• reduce/curb/control/keep down inflation 减少/遏制通货膨胀
• create/fuel growth/demand/a boom/a bubble 创造/刺激增长/需求/繁荣/泡沫
• encourage/foster/promote/stimulate/stifle innovation/competition 鼓励/促进/刺激/抑制创新/竞争
• encourage/work with/compete with the private sector 鼓励私营部门；与私营部门合作/竞争
• increase/boost/promote US/agricultural exports 增加/促进美国/农业出口
• ban/restrict/block cheap/foreign imports 禁止/限制/阻止廉价/国外进口产品
• the economy grows/expands/shrinks/contracts/slows (down)/recovers/improves/is booming 经济增长/扩张/收缩/萎缩/放缓/复苏/改善/繁荣
• enjoy an economic/housing/property boom 享受经济/住房/房地产的繁荣期

Economic problems 经济问题

• push up/drive up prices/costs/inflation 抬高价格/成本；加剧通货膨胀
• damage/hurt/destroy industry/the economy 破坏工业/经济
• cause/lead to/go into/avoid/escape recession 引起/导致/进入/避开经济衰退
• experience/suffer a recession/downturn 经历/遭受经济衰退
• fight/combat inflation/deflation/unemployment 抵抗通货膨胀/通货紧缩/失业
• cause/create inflation/poverty/unemployment 导致/造成通货膨胀/贫穷/失业
• create/burst a housing/stock market bubble 造成/引爆住房/股票市场泡沫
• cause/trigger a stock market crash/the collapse of the banking system 引起股市崩盘/银行系统崩溃
• face/be plunged into a financial/an economic crisis 面临/陷入财政/经济危机
• be caught in/experience cycles of boom and bust 陷入/经历周期性繁荣与萧条

Public finance 公共财政

• cut/reduce/slash/increase/double the defence/ (especially US) defense/education/aid budget 削减/大幅削减/增加/加倍国防/教育/援助预算
• increase/boost/slash/cut public spending 增加/大幅削减/削减公共支出
• increase/put up/raise/cut/lower/reduce taxes 提高/降低税收
• raise/cut/lower/reduce interest rates 提高/降低利率
• ease/loosen/tighten monetary policy 放宽/收紧货币政策
• balance the (state/federal) budget 平衡（州/联邦）预算
• achieve/maintain a balanced budget 达到/保持预算平衡
• run a ($4 trillion) budget deficit/surplus 有（4 万亿美元的）预算赤字/盈余